Factors of Delivery
Platform behavior and posture refer to the speaker’s physical performance.
Loudness and clarity refer to the speaker’s voice.
Pronunciation and Grammar refer to the speaker’s command of the language.
Platform Behavior
General rule to remember: Everything that a speaker does and everything that a speaker does not do must have proper motivation. There must always be a good reason for any pause or for any movement.
ü Male: has a tendency to shift the weight of the body from one leg to another.
ü Female: prone to swing and sway.
Avoid them and other mannerisms: scratching your head, rubbing your nose, looking at the ceiling, playing with your fingers, and the like.
Posture – something that has been pounded on us since childhood days
ü Bad posture is an uncomfortable sight to the listeners.
v Balance the weight of your body on both feet at all times.
Loudness
ü Pay attention to the people in the last row. If they can hear you, everybody can. Do not be too loud, however. Be comfortably loud.
4. Clarity
ü Speak slower and enunciate the words a little more deliberately than in ordinary conversation.
Pronunciation
ü The pronunciation of English words is distinct and separate from the pronunciation of any other languages and dialects.
ü Do not allow other languages and languages that you know affect your English pronunciation.
ü Whenever in doubt as to your pronunciation, consult a modern dictionary. Ask those whom you think know.
ü See how good speakers utter the words about whose pronunciation you are in doubt.
Grammar – a big problem of the ordinary Filipino
ü Correct grammar is not a matter of intelligence, but a matter of use.
ü Be vigilant in avoiding grammatical errors.
ü Expose yourself to the language as often as possible.
ü Through practice and constant exposure to English – thinking, reading, writing, speaking, listening, even daydreaming in the language, if possible – you will, to your amazement, achieve improvement.
Wednesday, June 24, 2009
Debate
DEBATE
Ø “to engage in strife and combat”
Ø any oral controversy
v an informal dispute between individuals who examine some question and consider the arguments on both sides
v an open argument before the public between two opponents
v a formal, highly regulated discussion of a given proposition between two matched teams as a test of their forensic ability
v an argument in one’s mind over some decisions he/she must make
VALUES OF DEBATE
1. Research skills – help in finding information and evidence in doing research works.
2. Organizational skills – help in planning speeches or write papers especially those that require quick and clear amount of information using various organizational patterns.
3. Critical listening skills – help in learning to examine the quality of the evidence and reasoning.
4. Speaking skills – help in gaining confidence in presenting ideas and standing up for certain beliefs in front of a group.
TYPES OF DEBATE
1. Parliamentary debate
v Asian – 2 competing teams (government and opposition), with 3 speakers in each team
v British – 4 competing teams, with 2 speakers in each team
v Australian – 2 competing teams, with 4 speakers in each team
2. Douglas – Lincoln – one on one debate
3. Oxford – Oregon – 2 competing teams, with (affirmative and opposite), with 3 speakers in each team
PROPOSITION – a statement of a problem that is worded so that there are clearly two sides to the argument
Qualities of a Good Proposition
1. It must be debatable.
2. It must be affirmative.
3. It must be stated concisely.
4. It must be a statement, not a question.
5. It must raise one central idea only.
Types of Proposition
1. Proposition of Fact – a statement that something is or is not true
Example: Resolved: That schools with vocational programs have lower student dropouts.
2. Proposition of Value – a statement that something is good or bad, right or wrong, useful or useless
Example: Resolved: That an oppressive government is better than no government at all.
3. Proposition of Policy – a statement that says something should or should not be done
Example: Resolved: That students with a course grade of 1.00 should be excused from taking the final exam.
DYNAMICS OF DEBATE: ASIANS AND AUSTRALIAN FORMATS
Government
Opposition
1. Prime Minister (PM) (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Defines motion
Ø Sets parameters
Ø Forwards government’s case and states split
Ø Signposts Deputy Prime Minister
3. Deputy Prime Minister (DPM) (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Rebuilds PM’s case
Ø Restates theme
Ø Builds own split
Ø Signposts
Ø Summarizes government’s case
5. Rebuttal Speaker (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Rebuts point by point or thematically
Ø Rebuilds government’s case
8. Reply Speaker (4 minutes)
Ø Identifies issues in the debate
Ø Says why they did a better job in addressing issues
2. Leader of the Opposition (LO) (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Negates the motion
Ø Sets own parameters
Ø Introduces case and states split
Ø Signposts Deputy Leader of the Opposition
4. Deputy Leader of the Opposition (DLO) (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Rebuilds LO’s case
Ø Restates theme
Ø Builds own split
Ø Signposts
Ø Summarizes opposition’s case
6. Rebuttal Speaker (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Rebuts point by point or thematically
Ø Rebuilds opposition case
7. Reply Speaker (4 minutes)
Ø Identifies issues in the debate
Ø Says why they did a better job in addressing issues
HOW TO PREPARE A SPEECH
1. Exordium - opening
2. Salutation – greetings
3. Definition
4. Team Split – assignment of issues
5. Argument 1
6. Argument 2
7. Argument 3
8. Closing
KINDS OF EVIDENCE
a. Facts
· Statements of actuality
· Established facts cannot be refuted , but you can offer opposing facts
b. Examples
· Specific instances, cases, illustrations, comparisons, situations, conditions, or occurrences which throw light on a problem
· Adequate and good examples can prove a point completely
c. Statistics
· Figures based on facts
· Powerful if extensive, up to date, and reliable
d. Quotations
· Citations of people’s statements
· May deal with facts or opinions
· Also called testimony or authority
· Be sure that the person you are quoting has prestige and that his authority is acceptable to your opponent and to your audience.
KINDS OF REASONING
1. Deductive reasoning – from the general to particular
Example: All citizens of the Philippines are guaranteed equal political rights under the constitution. I am a citizen of the Philippines. Therefore, I have the political rights as other citizens.
2. Inductive reasoning – drawing a general conclusion from many separate facts
Example: You examine the accident reports of a great number of agencies such as police departments, national automobile – insurance companies, and regional motor – vehicle departments. You find that majority of automobile accidents are caused by reckless driving or speeding.
General Conclusion: Excessive speed is a major factor in automobile accidents in the Philippines.
3. Analogy – conclusions based on comparisons
Example: You can argue that since your neighboring college has a successful speech choir, your own college, which is similar in size, student interests, teaching personnel, and community support, can succeed in Speech Club, too.
4. Causal relationship – based upon reasoning from a known fact to a related unknown fact
Example: The high increase in tuition may trigger unrest and demonstrations to the students.
FALLACIES IN REASONING
Ø Errors in reasoning which result in false, misleading, or inconsistent statements
Ø Caused by inadequate proof, drawing false conclusions, or violating in any ways the laws of valid argument
1. Hasty generalization – when facts do not justify the conclusion
Example: I went fishing three times in Laguna de Bay and did not catch any fish. Laguna is not a good bay to fish in.
Error: The fisherman has not considered weather, season, types of fishing limes, or even his own skill in fishing.
2. False analogy – comparisons made are not alike in their essential parts
Example: School X, which is a technical vocational college and Notre Dame of Dadiangas University are both educational institutions. They have the same size of faculty and students; both offer English; both engage in sports; both have good reputations. Therefore, a student could attend either one and receive the same education.
Error: The two schools are not alike in an essential part: their curriculum. One is a technical – vocational school, and the other offers a four – degree course.
3. Ignoring the Question
Example: A certain debater #1 tried to cloud the issue in her debates with another debater #2 by belittling #2’s background by attacking her relationship toward her family.
4. Irrelevant conclusion – violates the rules of logic and reach a conclusion that does not necessarily follow from the evidence presented
Example: All authors have imaginative minds. Mae has a keen imagination. Therefore, she can write short stories.
Error: The possession of an imaginative mind does not in itself guarantee the ability to write short stories.
4. Begging the question – assuming the truth or falsity of something without proving it
Example: “The present dominance of athletics is bad for our school” begs the question. The word dominance assumes a truth which is not proved. You must prove that athletics do dominate, not assume it.
POINT OF INFORMATION (POI)
1. The debater who wishes to ask a POINT OF INFORMATION rises from his or her seat, places one hand on top of his or her head and extends his or her other arm to signal that he or she has a point.
2. The debater who is speaking may choose not to recognize the point, he or she simply says “No thank you”, or waves the questioner off. The questioner then sits down. A questioner may not simply interrupt if his or her point is not taken.
3. If the debater who is speaking recognizes the point, then he or she says “On that point” and allows the questioner to give his or her point. At any time, the debater whose speech it is may stop the POI and tell the questioner to sit down.
English 29
Miss Ersweetcel C. Camansi (ersweetcelc@yahoo.com)
References: Aquino, F. (2002). Effective Speech Oral
Communication. Quezon City: Katha Publishing Co., Inc.
Galvin, K. and Cooper, P. (1999). The Basics of Speech:
Learning to Be a Competent Communicator.
Illinois: National Textbook Company.
Loose Handouts
Ø “to engage in strife and combat”
Ø any oral controversy
v an informal dispute between individuals who examine some question and consider the arguments on both sides
v an open argument before the public between two opponents
v a formal, highly regulated discussion of a given proposition between two matched teams as a test of their forensic ability
v an argument in one’s mind over some decisions he/she must make
VALUES OF DEBATE
1. Research skills – help in finding information and evidence in doing research works.
2. Organizational skills – help in planning speeches or write papers especially those that require quick and clear amount of information using various organizational patterns.
3. Critical listening skills – help in learning to examine the quality of the evidence and reasoning.
4. Speaking skills – help in gaining confidence in presenting ideas and standing up for certain beliefs in front of a group.
TYPES OF DEBATE
1. Parliamentary debate
v Asian – 2 competing teams (government and opposition), with 3 speakers in each team
v British – 4 competing teams, with 2 speakers in each team
v Australian – 2 competing teams, with 4 speakers in each team
2. Douglas – Lincoln – one on one debate
3. Oxford – Oregon – 2 competing teams, with (affirmative and opposite), with 3 speakers in each team
PROPOSITION – a statement of a problem that is worded so that there are clearly two sides to the argument
Qualities of a Good Proposition
1. It must be debatable.
2. It must be affirmative.
3. It must be stated concisely.
4. It must be a statement, not a question.
5. It must raise one central idea only.
Types of Proposition
1. Proposition of Fact – a statement that something is or is not true
Example: Resolved: That schools with vocational programs have lower student dropouts.
2. Proposition of Value – a statement that something is good or bad, right or wrong, useful or useless
Example: Resolved: That an oppressive government is better than no government at all.
3. Proposition of Policy – a statement that says something should or should not be done
Example: Resolved: That students with a course grade of 1.00 should be excused from taking the final exam.
DYNAMICS OF DEBATE: ASIANS AND AUSTRALIAN FORMATS
Government
Opposition
1. Prime Minister (PM) (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Defines motion
Ø Sets parameters
Ø Forwards government’s case and states split
Ø Signposts Deputy Prime Minister
3. Deputy Prime Minister (DPM) (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Rebuilds PM’s case
Ø Restates theme
Ø Builds own split
Ø Signposts
Ø Summarizes government’s case
5. Rebuttal Speaker (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Rebuts point by point or thematically
Ø Rebuilds government’s case
8. Reply Speaker (4 minutes)
Ø Identifies issues in the debate
Ø Says why they did a better job in addressing issues
2. Leader of the Opposition (LO) (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Negates the motion
Ø Sets own parameters
Ø Introduces case and states split
Ø Signposts Deputy Leader of the Opposition
4. Deputy Leader of the Opposition (DLO) (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Rebuilds LO’s case
Ø Restates theme
Ø Builds own split
Ø Signposts
Ø Summarizes opposition’s case
6. Rebuttal Speaker (7 – 8 minutes)
Ø Rebuts point by point or thematically
Ø Rebuilds opposition case
7. Reply Speaker (4 minutes)
Ø Identifies issues in the debate
Ø Says why they did a better job in addressing issues
HOW TO PREPARE A SPEECH
1. Exordium - opening
2. Salutation – greetings
3. Definition
4. Team Split – assignment of issues
5. Argument 1
6. Argument 2
7. Argument 3
8. Closing
KINDS OF EVIDENCE
a. Facts
· Statements of actuality
· Established facts cannot be refuted , but you can offer opposing facts
b. Examples
· Specific instances, cases, illustrations, comparisons, situations, conditions, or occurrences which throw light on a problem
· Adequate and good examples can prove a point completely
c. Statistics
· Figures based on facts
· Powerful if extensive, up to date, and reliable
d. Quotations
· Citations of people’s statements
· May deal with facts or opinions
· Also called testimony or authority
· Be sure that the person you are quoting has prestige and that his authority is acceptable to your opponent and to your audience.
KINDS OF REASONING
1. Deductive reasoning – from the general to particular
Example: All citizens of the Philippines are guaranteed equal political rights under the constitution. I am a citizen of the Philippines. Therefore, I have the political rights as other citizens.
2. Inductive reasoning – drawing a general conclusion from many separate facts
Example: You examine the accident reports of a great number of agencies such as police departments, national automobile – insurance companies, and regional motor – vehicle departments. You find that majority of automobile accidents are caused by reckless driving or speeding.
General Conclusion: Excessive speed is a major factor in automobile accidents in the Philippines.
3. Analogy – conclusions based on comparisons
Example: You can argue that since your neighboring college has a successful speech choir, your own college, which is similar in size, student interests, teaching personnel, and community support, can succeed in Speech Club, too.
4. Causal relationship – based upon reasoning from a known fact to a related unknown fact
Example: The high increase in tuition may trigger unrest and demonstrations to the students.
FALLACIES IN REASONING
Ø Errors in reasoning which result in false, misleading, or inconsistent statements
Ø Caused by inadequate proof, drawing false conclusions, or violating in any ways the laws of valid argument
1. Hasty generalization – when facts do not justify the conclusion
Example: I went fishing three times in Laguna de Bay and did not catch any fish. Laguna is not a good bay to fish in.
Error: The fisherman has not considered weather, season, types of fishing limes, or even his own skill in fishing.
2. False analogy – comparisons made are not alike in their essential parts
Example: School X, which is a technical vocational college and Notre Dame of Dadiangas University are both educational institutions. They have the same size of faculty and students; both offer English; both engage in sports; both have good reputations. Therefore, a student could attend either one and receive the same education.
Error: The two schools are not alike in an essential part: their curriculum. One is a technical – vocational school, and the other offers a four – degree course.
3. Ignoring the Question
Example: A certain debater #1 tried to cloud the issue in her debates with another debater #2 by belittling #2’s background by attacking her relationship toward her family.
4. Irrelevant conclusion – violates the rules of logic and reach a conclusion that does not necessarily follow from the evidence presented
Example: All authors have imaginative minds. Mae has a keen imagination. Therefore, she can write short stories.
Error: The possession of an imaginative mind does not in itself guarantee the ability to write short stories.
4. Begging the question – assuming the truth or falsity of something without proving it
Example: “The present dominance of athletics is bad for our school” begs the question. The word dominance assumes a truth which is not proved. You must prove that athletics do dominate, not assume it.
POINT OF INFORMATION (POI)
1. The debater who wishes to ask a POINT OF INFORMATION rises from his or her seat, places one hand on top of his or her head and extends his or her other arm to signal that he or she has a point.
2. The debater who is speaking may choose not to recognize the point, he or she simply says “No thank you”, or waves the questioner off. The questioner then sits down. A questioner may not simply interrupt if his or her point is not taken.
3. If the debater who is speaking recognizes the point, then he or she says “On that point” and allows the questioner to give his or her point. At any time, the debater whose speech it is may stop the POI and tell the questioner to sit down.
English 29
Miss Ersweetcel C. Camansi (ersweetcelc@yahoo.com)
References: Aquino, F. (2002). Effective Speech Oral
Communication. Quezon City: Katha Publishing Co., Inc.
Galvin, K. and Cooper, P. (1999). The Basics of Speech:
Learning to Be a Competent Communicator.
Illinois: National Textbook Company.
Loose Handouts
Thursday, May 14, 2009
Speech Planning and Writing
SPEECH PLANNING AND WRITING
Steps in Planning a Speech
A. Topic Selection
The first step in speech process is to select an interesting topic that can excite the audience.
Suggestion in Choosing a Topic
Ø Have a message.
Question: What shall I talk about?
Answer: I must have something to say. I must have a message.
Dos and Don’ts in Choosing a Topic
DO
1. Choose your subject with care and thought. You should believe in it and sell it.
2. Select a subject early and explore it.
3. Know your audience to suit the topic and occasion.
4. Examine your KNOW – FEEL – DO areas.
5. Choose subjects from variety of fields. Your interest should guide you when your knowledge is limited.
DON’T
1. Pick a subject at random. Haphazard selection is dangerous.
2. Wait on the day of schedule and cram on the preparation.
3. Choose a subject blindly without considering the needs and desires of the audience.
4. Copy thoughts from books without putting them in your heart and mind.
5. Be afraid of the subject about which you know little. If you are interested, nothing will stop you from getting facts and researching about it.
General Fields to Consider in Choosing a Topic
Sports Literature
Arts Technology
Crime Famous People
Business Vacation Experiences
Medicine Traffic Problems
Journalism Scientific Discovery
Hobbies Music
Movies Travel
Note: One must come up with specific topics out from his chosen general field.
B. Researching your Topic
The next concern after selecting the topic is to get sufficient information about the topic. The kind of material that makes speeches interesting, lively, challenging, and convincing is that which is concrete, vivid, and which comes within the experience of the listeners.
Possible Sources of Information
1. Personal Experience
A personal anecdote or testimony can add interest to a speech.
2. Reference Areas
Look for references like encyclopedias, almanacs, atlases, and other sources
which can give valuable data for the speech.
3. Card Catalogs
One needs to go to the library and look for information catalogs. One needs to look at the author, title and subject either cards or on computer.
4. Internet
The internet can give an updated source of information that contains internationally accepted principles.
5. Government Agencies
Most municipal agencies give out pamphlets or brochures that contain updated information.
6. Interviews
People with specific specialization are good sources of information.
Items to Look For
1. Facts – to be used as the basis of a talk
2. Illustrations or Examples – to throw light on a statement, helping to make it clear and moor easily understood
3. Quotations – to add weight to what the speaker says
4. Statistics – to prove a point
5. Anecdotes – to attract the attention of listeners
6. Incidents – to catch the attention and interest of the listeners
7. Analogies – to add color to what the speaker says
8. Epigrams – to summarize a general idea
9. Visual Material – to help the audience see what you mean
Speech Purpose
Every speaker must ask himself, “What am I trying to inform, persuade or entertain?” If the purpose is clear, he is now ready to structure and organize his speech.
*Textbook (pp. 107 – 124)
C. Speech Outline (Farell, 2000)
Title of Speech: ___________________________________________________
Purpose of Speech: ________________________________________________
Thesis: __________________________________________________________
Time of Speech: ___________________________________________________
Type of Audience: _________________________________________________
I. Introduction
A. Use one or a combination of suggested approaches.
B. Preview the speech.
1. Se the tone.
2. Give your thesis or main idea. Make sure your focus is clear.
3. Give your intentions for the topic and set the parameters of your
speech.
4. Arouse interest in yourself as a speaker.
5. Arouse interest in your subject.
II. The Body or Discussion Area
A. Support your thesis
B. Use the most appropriate pattern of organization.
C. Elaborate on main points.
1. Give major ideas larger treatment.
2. Divide speech to accent those major ideas.
3. Subordinate minor or lesser ideas.
4. Develop ideas well enough for the comprehension level for the comprehension level of your audience.
5. Check your logic fro these points: unity and continuity, coherence, and emphasis.
6. Never make a statement without considering the support you will give it.
7. Ask yourself if you fulfilled expectations and intentions of your introduction.
III. Conclusion
A. Use one or more of the suggested approach.
B. Sum up, review, or refocus the main areas of the speech.
C. Make the last word of your speech appropriate for your audience.
D. Disengage yourself positively from your audience. Know exactly how you are going to conclude and always be decisive. One you have concluded, thank the audience for their attention, and then sit down.
SAMPLE
Your Name: Valerie Ongchangco Aquino
Title of Speech: A man for All Seasons
Purpose of Speech: To reinforce the high opinion of the audience for Jose Rizal
Thesis: Jose Rizal’s love of country, courage, and intelligence are sources of inspiration to us all.
Time of Speech: 10 minutes
Types of Audience: Graduating students major in Social Sciences
I. Introduction
A. Refer to the audience and the occasion.
B. Use factors of attention: familiarity, reality and proximity.
C. Preview
II. Body of the Speech
A. Give reasons for praising Dr. Jose Rizal.
B. Use the chronological sequential pattern.
C. Discuss Rizal’s love of country, courage, and intelligence.
D. Provide examples and illustrations of these qualities.
E. Use testimonial by fellow writers, linguists, and poets.
III. Conclusion
A. Refer to another illustration; refer to the audience; end with a climax.
B. Use a quote from former Rizalista and Masons and disengage from the audience.
C. Ask for applause from the audience for the late Dr. Jose P. Rizal.
Steps in Planning a Speech
A. Topic Selection
The first step in speech process is to select an interesting topic that can excite the audience.
Suggestion in Choosing a Topic
Ø Have a message.
Question: What shall I talk about?
Answer: I must have something to say. I must have a message.
Dos and Don’ts in Choosing a Topic
DO
1. Choose your subject with care and thought. You should believe in it and sell it.
2. Select a subject early and explore it.
3. Know your audience to suit the topic and occasion.
4. Examine your KNOW – FEEL – DO areas.
5. Choose subjects from variety of fields. Your interest should guide you when your knowledge is limited.
DON’T
1. Pick a subject at random. Haphazard selection is dangerous.
2. Wait on the day of schedule and cram on the preparation.
3. Choose a subject blindly without considering the needs and desires of the audience.
4. Copy thoughts from books without putting them in your heart and mind.
5. Be afraid of the subject about which you know little. If you are interested, nothing will stop you from getting facts and researching about it.
General Fields to Consider in Choosing a Topic
Sports Literature
Arts Technology
Crime Famous People
Business Vacation Experiences
Medicine Traffic Problems
Journalism Scientific Discovery
Hobbies Music
Movies Travel
Note: One must come up with specific topics out from his chosen general field.
B. Researching your Topic
The next concern after selecting the topic is to get sufficient information about the topic. The kind of material that makes speeches interesting, lively, challenging, and convincing is that which is concrete, vivid, and which comes within the experience of the listeners.
Possible Sources of Information
1. Personal Experience
A personal anecdote or testimony can add interest to a speech.
2. Reference Areas
Look for references like encyclopedias, almanacs, atlases, and other sources
which can give valuable data for the speech.
3. Card Catalogs
One needs to go to the library and look for information catalogs. One needs to look at the author, title and subject either cards or on computer.
4. Internet
The internet can give an updated source of information that contains internationally accepted principles.
5. Government Agencies
Most municipal agencies give out pamphlets or brochures that contain updated information.
6. Interviews
People with specific specialization are good sources of information.
Items to Look For
1. Facts – to be used as the basis of a talk
2. Illustrations or Examples – to throw light on a statement, helping to make it clear and moor easily understood
3. Quotations – to add weight to what the speaker says
4. Statistics – to prove a point
5. Anecdotes – to attract the attention of listeners
6. Incidents – to catch the attention and interest of the listeners
7. Analogies – to add color to what the speaker says
8. Epigrams – to summarize a general idea
9. Visual Material – to help the audience see what you mean
Speech Purpose
Every speaker must ask himself, “What am I trying to inform, persuade or entertain?” If the purpose is clear, he is now ready to structure and organize his speech.
*Textbook (pp. 107 – 124)
C. Speech Outline (Farell, 2000)
Title of Speech: ___________________________________________________
Purpose of Speech: ________________________________________________
Thesis: __________________________________________________________
Time of Speech: ___________________________________________________
Type of Audience: _________________________________________________
I. Introduction
A. Use one or a combination of suggested approaches.
B. Preview the speech.
1. Se the tone.
2. Give your thesis or main idea. Make sure your focus is clear.
3. Give your intentions for the topic and set the parameters of your
speech.
4. Arouse interest in yourself as a speaker.
5. Arouse interest in your subject.
II. The Body or Discussion Area
A. Support your thesis
B. Use the most appropriate pattern of organization.
C. Elaborate on main points.
1. Give major ideas larger treatment.
2. Divide speech to accent those major ideas.
3. Subordinate minor or lesser ideas.
4. Develop ideas well enough for the comprehension level for the comprehension level of your audience.
5. Check your logic fro these points: unity and continuity, coherence, and emphasis.
6. Never make a statement without considering the support you will give it.
7. Ask yourself if you fulfilled expectations and intentions of your introduction.
III. Conclusion
A. Use one or more of the suggested approach.
B. Sum up, review, or refocus the main areas of the speech.
C. Make the last word of your speech appropriate for your audience.
D. Disengage yourself positively from your audience. Know exactly how you are going to conclude and always be decisive. One you have concluded, thank the audience for their attention, and then sit down.
SAMPLE
Your Name: Valerie Ongchangco Aquino
Title of Speech: A man for All Seasons
Purpose of Speech: To reinforce the high opinion of the audience for Jose Rizal
Thesis: Jose Rizal’s love of country, courage, and intelligence are sources of inspiration to us all.
Time of Speech: 10 minutes
Types of Audience: Graduating students major in Social Sciences
I. Introduction
A. Refer to the audience and the occasion.
B. Use factors of attention: familiarity, reality and proximity.
C. Preview
II. Body of the Speech
A. Give reasons for praising Dr. Jose Rizal.
B. Use the chronological sequential pattern.
C. Discuss Rizal’s love of country, courage, and intelligence.
D. Provide examples and illustrations of these qualities.
E. Use testimonial by fellow writers, linguists, and poets.
III. Conclusion
A. Refer to another illustration; refer to the audience; end with a climax.
B. Use a quote from former Rizalista and Masons and disengage from the audience.
C. Ask for applause from the audience for the late Dr. Jose P. Rizal.
Methods of Speaking
There are four types of speeches according to the manner of delivery.
METHODS OF SPEAKING
Impromptu Speech
Extemporaneous Speech
Read Speech
Memorized Speech
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
- ideas and the language are thought out only at the moment of delivery
Advantages
- spontaneous and natural
- makes the listeners more attentive
Disadvantages
- rambling
- repetitious
- disorganized
Preparation
- during the speech itself
Delivery
- requires mental alertness
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
Definition
Ø It is one where the ideas are prepared but the language is definitely composed only at the moment of delivery.
Advantage
Ø It has some spontaneity and naturalness without the disadvantage of disorderliness of the impromptu speech.
Disadvantage
Ø It does not have the precision and carefulness in language of a written speech.
Preparation
Ø The speaker gathers his ideas, puts them in order, and practices delivery.
Delivery
Ø The speaker should be at ease with the extemporaneous delivery for he is already supposed to be prepared with the content of the speech.
Ø The speaker can concentrate more on refining and beautifying his language as he speaks.
Ø Written notes are generally important to assure the speaker of proper sequencing and a smooth flow of ideas, as well as remembering which is important.
READ SPEECH
Definition
Ø It is a speech that is written out and read word for word during delivery.
Advantages
Ø It enjoys the qualities of precision, organization, beauty, and depth of language.
Ø Its presentation is smooth and formal.
Disadvantages
Ø The delivery is not as spontaneous and natural as in impromptu and extemporaneous speeches.
Ø It may suffer from artificiality, if the speaker does not take care.
Ø The speaker may lack rapport with his audience.
Ø The audience may feel that the speaker is reading someone else’s words.
Preparation
Ø The read speech enjoys all the benefits of preparation.
Ø The speaker gathers more materials for his speech, decides on those he will use and the support he needs, puts them in outline form, writes out the speech, then practices delivery.
Delivery
Ø The speaker must make the audience feel that he is not talking to his manuscript.
Ø The most basic rule is: Look at your audience eye to eye as often as you can.
MEMORIZED SPEECH
Definition
Ø It is a speech that is committed entirely to memory and delivered from memory.
Advantage
Ø It has the same advantage as the read speech – precision, organization, beauty, and depth of language.
Disadvantages
Ø It has the same drawback as the read speech – lack of spontaneity and naturalness, or artificiality, unless the speaker is experienced and makes it appear that the delivery is extemporaneous.
Ø The speaker has a tendency to forget.
Ø If the speaker is not well prepared, his effort to recall his lines distracts him from the more important “feeling and spirit” of the speech.
METHODS OF SPEAKING
Impromptu Speech
Extemporaneous Speech
Read Speech
Memorized Speech
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
- ideas and the language are thought out only at the moment of delivery
Advantages
- spontaneous and natural
- makes the listeners more attentive
Disadvantages
- rambling
- repetitious
- disorganized
Preparation
- during the speech itself
Delivery
- requires mental alertness
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
Definition
Ø It is one where the ideas are prepared but the language is definitely composed only at the moment of delivery.
Advantage
Ø It has some spontaneity and naturalness without the disadvantage of disorderliness of the impromptu speech.
Disadvantage
Ø It does not have the precision and carefulness in language of a written speech.
Preparation
Ø The speaker gathers his ideas, puts them in order, and practices delivery.
Delivery
Ø The speaker should be at ease with the extemporaneous delivery for he is already supposed to be prepared with the content of the speech.
Ø The speaker can concentrate more on refining and beautifying his language as he speaks.
Ø Written notes are generally important to assure the speaker of proper sequencing and a smooth flow of ideas, as well as remembering which is important.
READ SPEECH
Definition
Ø It is a speech that is written out and read word for word during delivery.
Advantages
Ø It enjoys the qualities of precision, organization, beauty, and depth of language.
Ø Its presentation is smooth and formal.
Disadvantages
Ø The delivery is not as spontaneous and natural as in impromptu and extemporaneous speeches.
Ø It may suffer from artificiality, if the speaker does not take care.
Ø The speaker may lack rapport with his audience.
Ø The audience may feel that the speaker is reading someone else’s words.
Preparation
Ø The read speech enjoys all the benefits of preparation.
Ø The speaker gathers more materials for his speech, decides on those he will use and the support he needs, puts them in outline form, writes out the speech, then practices delivery.
Delivery
Ø The speaker must make the audience feel that he is not talking to his manuscript.
Ø The most basic rule is: Look at your audience eye to eye as often as you can.
MEMORIZED SPEECH
Definition
Ø It is a speech that is committed entirely to memory and delivered from memory.
Advantage
Ø It has the same advantage as the read speech – precision, organization, beauty, and depth of language.
Disadvantages
Ø It has the same drawback as the read speech – lack of spontaneity and naturalness, or artificiality, unless the speaker is experienced and makes it appear that the delivery is extemporaneous.
Ø The speaker has a tendency to forget.
Ø If the speaker is not well prepared, his effort to recall his lines distracts him from the more important “feeling and spirit” of the speech.
Interview
GUIDELINES FOR INTERVIEW
Interviewer
Ø Introduce yourself simply and politely.
Ø Make the interviewee feel comfortable.
Ø Allow the interviewee to express his/her thoughts fully.
Ø Give the interviewee the opportunity to discuss his/her views on the subject.
Ø Keep an eye contact with the interviewee throughout the interview.
Ø End the interview by telling the interviewee of your appreciation for sharing with you his/her ideas and time.
Interviewee
Ø Check your appearance.
Ø Be ready to answer questions.
Ø Show alert mind when answering questions.
Ø Do not be embarrassed by personal questions.
Ø Maintain an eye contact with the interviewer throughout the interview.
Ø Express your appreciation for the time given to you by the interviewer.
Types of Interview
Job Interview – this is done to determine the applicant’s qualification for the job.
Counseling Interview – This interview focuses on the personal problems of the person being interviewed. This type of interview requires a high degree of skill and psychological sophistication on the part of the counselor.
Research Interview – The objective of this interview is usually to obtain beliefs, attitudes, feelings or other data from the interviewee. The sources of the data are generally authorities on the subject matter.
Sales Interview – This is done to promote services or products. The interviewer (salesman) wants to sway the interviewee (customer) towards adopting his point of view.
Survey Interview – This is conducted to gather different opinions or reactions about a problem or issue which is of great concern.
Press Interview – This is conducted by the press people who ask government officials and other important persons about local, national or international issues.
Diagnostic Interview – This is done to determine the psychological or medical problems. The interviewer is usually a specialist in the field. The medical and psychological interviews are designed to diagnose the problems of the patients in order that proper intervention can be administered.
Exit Interview – This is usually done on an employee before he is allowed to resign. The company wants to know the reasons for leaving his/her job. Through the reason given, the company will know the areas which need reforms.
Interviewer
Ø Introduce yourself simply and politely.
Ø Make the interviewee feel comfortable.
Ø Allow the interviewee to express his/her thoughts fully.
Ø Give the interviewee the opportunity to discuss his/her views on the subject.
Ø Keep an eye contact with the interviewee throughout the interview.
Ø End the interview by telling the interviewee of your appreciation for sharing with you his/her ideas and time.
Interviewee
Ø Check your appearance.
Ø Be ready to answer questions.
Ø Show alert mind when answering questions.
Ø Do not be embarrassed by personal questions.
Ø Maintain an eye contact with the interviewer throughout the interview.
Ø Express your appreciation for the time given to you by the interviewer.
Types of Interview
Job Interview – this is done to determine the applicant’s qualification for the job.
Counseling Interview – This interview focuses on the personal problems of the person being interviewed. This type of interview requires a high degree of skill and psychological sophistication on the part of the counselor.
Research Interview – The objective of this interview is usually to obtain beliefs, attitudes, feelings or other data from the interviewee. The sources of the data are generally authorities on the subject matter.
Sales Interview – This is done to promote services or products. The interviewer (salesman) wants to sway the interviewee (customer) towards adopting his point of view.
Survey Interview – This is conducted to gather different opinions or reactions about a problem or issue which is of great concern.
Press Interview – This is conducted by the press people who ask government officials and other important persons about local, national or international issues.
Diagnostic Interview – This is done to determine the psychological or medical problems. The interviewer is usually a specialist in the field. The medical and psychological interviews are designed to diagnose the problems of the patients in order that proper intervention can be administered.
Exit Interview – This is usually done on an employee before he is allowed to resign. The company wants to know the reasons for leaving his/her job. Through the reason given, the company will know the areas which need reforms.
Extemporaneous Speech (outline)
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH OUTLINE
A. TOPIC
B. INTRODUCTION
C. BODY
MAIN POINT I:
SUB POINTS:
MAIN POINT II:
SUB POINTS:
MAIN POINT III:
SUB POINTS:
D. CONCLUSION
A. TOPIC
B. INTRODUCTION
C. BODY
MAIN POINT I:
SUB POINTS:
MAIN POINT II:
SUB POINTS:
MAIN POINT III:
SUB POINTS:
D. CONCLUSION
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